Heads of China

Ethnic groups
Government

Statistics

Name - 省联华中 (Chinese) { Jông-Houá Lián-Chêng (Mandarin pronunciation) }
Continent - Asia
Capital - Nanjing

Administration

Head of state and government - Supreme President -------
Legislature - The Six Boards and the Board of One Hundred and Eight (initiative), National Conference (decision)
President of the Board of One Hundred and Eight - ---------
President of the National Conference - --------
Financial assembly - Board of Finance
President of the Board of Finance (and Minister of Finance) -
Conserving body - Board of Supervisors
President of the Board of Supervisors - --------
Chief Grand Secretary - -------
Judiciary - Grand Court of Revision
Minister of Justice -
Form of government - Federal republic under a democratic presidential solonic constitution
Form of law - Chinese Code
Demonym - Chinese

Geography

Area - 11,012,557 km^2
Largest cities
-Nanjing - 34,203,000 (city), 36,910,000 (metro)
-Ningpo - 13,039,000 (city), 24,108,000 (metro)
-Guangzhou - 14,527,000 (city), 20,372,000 (metro)
Time zone - TMP+08:00
Currency - Chinese yuan

Demography

Language - Chinese (Mandarin)
Other languages
-Fengtian, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Waimanzhou - Russian, Manchu (co-official)
-Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Buryatia - Russian, Mongolian (co-official)
-Hami, Dihua - Kashgar Turkic (co-official)
-Formosa - French, Javanese (co-official)
Population - 1,623,574,000
Density - 147.43/km^2

Symbols

National festival - Republic Day (August 21) - commemorating the Declaration of the Republic (1901)
Anthem - 歌雲卿 (Song to the Auspicious Cloud)
Motto - 步进序秩爱 - Love, Order, Progress

Flag

-Eight Trigrams on the flag is a legacy of the Bai dynasty

Government

Country folders/Asia/China/Government >>

Name

-United Provinces comes from Ideology > Sociocracy
-which, in its original form, advocated the union of the world in the form of cantonal regions (aka cities)
-Lee Cheng-chang emphasized this provincialism both from this and to get loyalty of governors

Executive branch

Supreme President

-Supreme President elected by the people for terms of nine years
-very powerful figure who is only limited in terms of appointments by having to appoint National Conference members for cabinet
-does not have a veto but sits on all sessions of the Board of One Hundred and Eight
-can vote in National Conference sessions

-full title: "His Elective Majesty, the Supreme President of the United Provinces of China, President of the Six Boards"
-in practice he's a sort of republican emperor
-even performs rituals to heaven at Temple of Heaven upon getting inaugurated
-a temple that, after having been destroyed by the rise of the Bai, got replicated in Nanjing
-Temple of Heaven is also containing a delegation of the people, to represent that the Supreme President gets authority from both Heaven and the People

-former presidents are supervisors

Six Boards

-six Boards, each board headed by a Minister

-Board of Revenue is in charge of the treasury
-it acts as a financial assembly and approves of budgets and revises accounts
-and in this is bigger than all the other boards
-Board of the Interior is in charge of police and keeping the public peace
-Board of Various Countries is in charge of foreign affairs
-is a pretty large board as well
-which is important because it keeps track of foreign affairs
-Board of War is in charge of managing the military
-Board of Education is in charge of school system
-Board of Trade manages industry, commerce, labor, and agriculture
-pretty large board which manages a state filled with Ideology > Sociocracy
-contains sub-boards for these different sectors

-on occasion meets as a single assembly known as the Six Boards
-presided over by Supreme President

-all these Boards and Ministers appointed by President but require approval by National Conference
-and every member of them must be Conference members
-reconstitution of boards upon every National Conference election
-means these Boards also act sort of like National Conference committees
-all these Boards also have the power to propose new legislation

Legislative branch

-legislature is divided into National Conference and Board of One Hundred and Eight

National Conference

-National Conference consists of members elected direct by the people in individual constituencies
-essentially a dead assembly with few debates and largely mute
-biggest debate is a sort of Inquest session where President and ministers interrogated by opposition
-when it ratifies laws their results already known, or at least is likely
-and when a law put up to a vote it's done with only a few speeches
-for three year terms
-Conference members elected from 2,085 small constituencies
-voters can vote for any candidate nominated in any constituency by writing them in
-winners have as many votes as people who voted for them
-as long as they meet a threshold of 25,000 votes
-a great many officials must be National Conference members
-so this makes it a repository for national officials
-can remove the president upon recommendation of National Censors with vote of three-fifths
-practically-speaking, this means three fourths of national conference members must concur

-the Supreme President can vote in National Conference sessions with a vote equal to as many people voted for them
-this means they have at least as many as half of the votes of the whole
-so at least three quarters vote of National Conference needed to exceed President's vote
-practically speaking this means that with China having multi-party government politics Supreme President is very influential

-only meets 50 days in a year
-and for a swathe of the year they travel in circuit around their constituencies to hear feedback and all

-Conference members may also be recalled by petition

Board of One Hundred and Eight

-Board of One Hundred and Eight elected by super-constituencies (merged from National Conference constituencies) from already elected National Conference members
-for three year terms
-may propose laws if supported by 36 members
-having been established by Bai dynasty originally in order to accommodate the pro-democracy movement
-when it liaised with Grand Council and was elected by complex of filtered electoral colleges

-various other Legislative Boards, each of whom constituted by sortition
-but with highest officials excluded from being selected by lot

Conserving branch

Board of Supervisors

-Board of Supervisors supervises functioning of all government
-66 members plus ex officio ex-presidents
-selected for terms of twelve years
-candidates are:
-people who have passed jinshi level of examination
-which in practice means that a lot of academics run as Supervisors
-upon election time the current National Conference whittles away its numbers by deselecting one-third of all eligibles, and remainder qualify for election
-elected by the people of province, apportioned by square root of each province's population
-may call byelections in National Conference
-may also exclude National Conferencepeople from eligibility to the Board of One Hundred and Eight
-also supervises examinations and appointments to the civil service

Board of National Censors

-appointed by Board of Supervisors is the Board of National Censors
-which investigates all officials from other branches as well as civil servants
-may lay charges against government officials and extract fines
-and also to audit all functioning of the government
-may also lay charges against the Supreme President
-also can recommend to the National Conference the removal of a president

Grand Secretariat

-Board of Supervisors also appoints the Grand Secretariat
-of five members
-which heads all matters of the civil service
-Chief Grand Secretaryy sits on the cabinet
-and reports findings to Supervisors which meets in closed session to discuss his findings

Board of Constitutional Review

-also appoints the Board of Constitutional Review
-which determines constitutionality of law based on cases
-with final constitutionality determined by Supervisors after it presents them
-and may nullify with reasoning, and a draft of good law, within two years of the law's passage

Civil service

-under the Bai dynasty the civil service examinations got changed from Confucianism to Buddhism
-this gets softened and more Confucianism added after the fact but as a mere supplement
-and also addition of Western canon to it as part of modernization
-because now there's been a hole which can be filled with something
-addition of math and engineering
-degrees also become increasingly specialized
-additionally there's been a dramatic expansion of the number of people who get exams
-as part of Bai wanting to impose itself

-by today civil service less prestigious than formerly due to growth of private sector
-but still hella prestigious and high-paying
-with prestige best retained in less wealthy areas
-also degrees can be important in securing private sector jobs

Degrees

Juren: At the apex of the provincial system.

Gongshi: Second tier degree, gets almost assured high level civil service job

Jinshi: At the apex of the entire system, assures to whoever gets it one of the position within the bureaucracy and required for Supervisors

Judiciary

Minister of Justice

-Minister of Justice
-heads all judicial affairs

Grand Procurator

-Grand Procurator
-manages prosecution through an apparatus of procurators who also accuse and detain
-these are tightly associated with judiciary rather than executive branch

Grand Court of Revision

-Grand Court of Revision
-judicial body appointed on dual confirmation of National Conference and Board of Supervisors
-reviews all actions of previous courts and annuls them if necessary
-charges laid by Board of Supervisors are submitted in trial to it

Provincial administrations

-provinces run by governors
-governors are appointed by the president but require the consent of at least one third of the provincial assemblies
-each province has a Conference from which is elected a Board of 27
-and the Provincial Conference is similarly oversized (a thousand or more on average)
-however, provinces do not have separate civil services, and Board of Supervisors supervises the provinces
-but, civil servants must first be appointed from among Provincial Conferencepeople

Romanization

Cities

-the great economic corridor of China is the Yangtze River

-second greatest is the Pearl River

-in contrast Beiping has declined a fair bit from its heyday

-Xi'an is the center of the Yellow river area

-Manchuria was formerly a backwater

-Yunnan having been a quasi-independent state has developed Dali a lot

-Beiping is OTL Beijing

-Haishenwei, formerly Vladivostok, rose rapidly after its Chinese conquest

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups >>

Han

-by far the most of them
-dominant and have engaged in programs of assimilation

Hakka

-due to China's Wars > Hakka-Punti Clan Wars (1855-1860) they become dominant in Pearl River Delta
-leading group in Southern China

Punti

-minority in Pearl River Delta
-but patchy majorities some areas
-speaking a Yue language
-due to China's Wars > Hakka-Punti Clan Wars (1855-1860) they are reduced to minority
-with a lot also emigrating

Hui

-make a slender majority in Yunnan
-due to both conversion and migration of Hui from elsewhere during the Sultanate era
-similar to Han aside from being Muslim
-due to the Yunnan Sultanate engaged in a period of state-building there's been a fair degree of divergence
-for a while, the Sultanate even went as far as to push Arabic as language of state
-before having to go back to employ migrant Hui
-also it formed diplomatic links, imported teachers, with more westerly Islamic states
-however, with the rise of the United Provinces, China's been trying to clamp down on this convergence

Turks

-chiefly in areas adjacent to Central Asia
-most prominent is Hami
-however there's been a considerable degree of Sinicization, only successful in cities

Mongols

-make up majority in Mongolia region
-but due to assimilation as well as migration of Han into the region the majority of Mongols speak only Chinese
-and most of those who speak Mongolian are bilingual

Tibetans

-some of them in China in areas next to Tibet
-a great degree of assimilation has been done

Russians

-in places successfully conquered during Russo-Chinese War (1893-9) some Russians stayed
-though most fled to the Americas or elsewhere
-granted full toleration and all
-mir system formed in area is suppressed
-instead Lee parcels out land in small portions
-with much of the best line getting confiscated and parcelled out to Chinese
-essentially this results in Russian land turning into minifundia
-many Russians forced to either move to Russia to get land or they move to cities
-long term a lot of Russians end up speaking Mandarin as a result

Jews

-came along with Russians and often grouped with them
-with Russian Empire expanding the Pale to there
-fewer of them fled the Chinese advance because they had much less fondness for Russian society
-but still some did due to Yellow Peril
-living in cities for the most part already
-because Russia does not exactly want to make a bunch of shtetls
-today most speak Chinese

Manchu

-during the rise of the Bai, a lot of Manchu get brutalized in reprisals
-result that Manchu in Bai territory forcibly integrated into Han, lose any semblance of Manchu identity
-also, in Qing territory a lot of Han and Hanized Manchurians forced to flee to Manchuria, Mongolia
-this hastens the decline of Manchu culture which is already in there
-there's a modest but still impressive degree of Orthodox conversion among the Manchu
-with Russo-Chinese War (1893-9), Lee Cheng-chang declares full toleration to Manchu
-but at this point Manchu identity is entirely symbolic in nature
-and Manchu language on verge of extinction

Tungcheng

-community formed out of Han and Manchu converts to Orthodoxy by Chinese missionries
-also some other Chinese Christians move northward to land under Christian Russian protection
-so named from Chinese word for Orthodox
-with Russo-Chinese War (1893-9) there are military reprisals against Tungcheng despite Lee seeking to tolerate them
-and many flee with Russians
-postwar Lee creates a separate Chinese Orthodox Church with patriarch in Nanjing
-succeeds in obtaining Tungcheng approval after Russia sees Young Russian Revolution (1902-8)
-successfully integrated into Chinese state in years that follows
-but ultimately they still are a somewhat discrete group with somewhat Russified customs

Religion

Sankaoism

-term for the Three Teachings - Sanjiao Heyi in more common writing

-the Tao/Shunyata/Tian made into ultimate basis of reality

-due to Bai rise of Eternal Mother

-rising as much because Bai smashed religious scene as because of interaction with western world

-consolidated principles

-holy books

-and temples known as tangs

Maitreya Buddhism

-deeply shaped by Bai era statebuilding

-has cohered into a centralized movement with the passage of time

-in North China this religion is a lot less well established

Confucianism

-continues to be the founding ideology of China

Taoism

-heavily merged with Buddhism due to legacy of rise of the Bai

Lamaism

-common among Mongols as well as the smaller minority of Tibetans and among some Chinese

Islam

-headed by Ethnic groups > Hui
-centered around Yunnan

Orthodox Christianity

-among Ethnic groups > Russians and Ethnic groups > Tungcheng
-tends towards unorthodoxy due to both emigration patterns and that mainstream orthodox fled
-Chinese Orthodox Church organized like a presbytery with Most Holy Synod only leading it

Roman Catholicism

-unrecognized as a religion by the state

Judaism

-among Ethnic groups > Jews
-also known for the Kaifeng Jewish community

National Academies

-ancient system, reformed radically
-sits at the apex of the university system and very tough to get into

Guozijian

-grand academy in Nanjing
-central and administers the entire academy system

Yuelu Academy

White Deer Grotto Academy

Donglin Academy

Culai Academy

Dongpo Academy

Xiangshan Academy