-successfully crushes Osman Pazvantoglu in 1798

-in OTL siege ended due to Napoleon's invasion of Egypt

-establishes modern new army, Nizam-i-Jedid

-faced with several janissary rebellions afterwards, however

-none of them become coup though because of peace in Europe

-success in defeating Saudi charge to Syria gives them renown

-Adjusts uniform of Nizam-i-Jedid after consulting clerics, makes fez smaller and turns it into national symbol

-huge janissary revolt in 1807, but Nizam-i-Jedid defeats it

-but comes to terms with it because he doesn't think he can win

-with Ottomans having an abyss of authority, he signs peace with Serbian rebels

-due to janissary rebellions

-establishing autonomous principality for Serbs

-in 1807

-this brings his attention to other autonomous lords in empire

-launches several wars with Albanian lords, gradually reducing them in scope

-in 1813 launches "Auspicious Incident" against janissaries and wipes them out

-allows him a freer hand in dealing with autonomous lords, especially in Balkans

-but continually emphasizes Islam while doing so

-ultimately dies of old age

-sees orientation towards tradition despite having been Selim's favorite

-conspiracy to replace him foiled and he kills half-brother Mahmud

-begins to restore position of old Balkan aristocracy

-since it's been derogated after fall of Janissaries

-with Second French War (1821-32) pushed by France into declaring war on Russia

-in Russia's Wars > Russo-Turkish War (1826-34)

-France takes over Venetian Republic, establishes new republics with potential to inspire nationalism

-however with army out in battles this inspires reformer conspiracy to take action

-Mustafa poisoned and he dies, reformers announce his successor with vizier

-son of Mustafa

-Comes to throne at age of 3

-only son of Mustafa

-Mere puppet of vizier

-sees centralist reform agenda continue

-to widespread opposition in Balkans in particular

-really solidarity close to existent esp after the war

-when he's getting acclaimed as main ruler of empire, he gets assassinated

-by Greek radical

-From family of designated succession

-Results in Russia's Wars > Turkish War of Succession (1841-4), rebellion by various lords angry at reforms, Iraq and Maghreb rulers declare Murad illegitimate

-Persia, Russia declare war

-Persia sweeps through rebellious Kurdistan, takes over Diyarbakir

-Russia moves towards Danubian Principalities

-After confirming Franco-Turkish alliance still a thing and getting British Isles on its side, France (& client states) and British Isles declare war on Russia and only Russia and force Turkey to come to peace with Persia

-Rest of Europe terrified at alliance between two “Jacobin” powers

-United navy swiftly takes over Crimea, lands troops at Circassia and links up with rebels there, turning this into Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5)

-By 1844, Russia finally sues for peace after pressure from rest of Europe, is given influence in Danubian principalities but Crimean Khanate re-established in personal union with Turkey and Circassian Emirate established with elective Emir

-But in return for their help, British Isles and France force Turkey to establish autonomous principalities in Central Greece, Thessaly, western Macedonia, Samos, Rhodes, and Crete, where there were nationalist rebellions, in addition to naval basing rights at Cyprus

-Establishes railways across empire

-Furthers reforms

-Establishes council of ministers

-Furthers equality of all subjects

-Establishes educational institutions

-Creates national institutions

-Accepts millet constitutions from Armenian Apostolic Church, Judaism, Protestants, and Greek Orthodox Church

-Position of Caliph is weakened but remains an important thing

-Formation of press

-Establishes consultative assembly in 1862 to better raise money and govern state, sees formation of informal factionalism

-Sees war with Russia again

-France and British Isles openly send aid, sell equipment but don’t fight with Russia openly

-Modernized Ottoman army successfully repels Russian invasion, maintains status quo ante bellum

-Clamours to make consultative assembly elective and give it power result in constitution, Grand Assembly with high electoral qualification established

-However, when he is fearful of its power, he decides to prorogue it and dismiss vizier, but then vizier plots to overthrow Padishah and does so, bringing brother in charge

-Establishes new constitution

-Arabic Revival underway, seeks to make Empire closer to it

-In reaction to conversion scares in Levant, issues Decree on the Muslim Religion in the Sublime State which re-declares the Padishah as Caliph but establishes a corporate body headed by the Caliph in charge of waqfs and stuff, establishing missionaries to stop heterodoxy, and sharia courts

-Motivated by worrying statistics, schools and other such institutions established to unprecedented degrees in Arab lands and Anatolia, “civilizing mission” becomes a thing

-After some petitioning and threats of rebellion, establishes “Kingdom of Bulgaria” with himself as Tsar, kingdom stretches from area around Sofia to a part of Thrace, leaves a lot of Bulgarians out, lots of confusion between principles of Bulgarian millet and Kingdom

-Has an elected legislature from provinces with large Turkish representation, still elects members to Turkish parliament

-Collapse of Russian Empire in 1880s gives Ottomans a sigh of relief

-After Dutch threaten Aceh, after centuries old vassalage brought up, Mustafa V threatens to send fleet to repel Dutch attack, succeeds in stopping potential attack

Titles of the Padishah of Turkey

Sultan (name) Han, Sovereign of the Sublime House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina, and Kuds, Kayser-i-Rum, Tsar of Bulgaria, Autocrat of the Romioi, King of the Ullah, Padishah of [insert lots of cities and places here]

Gets crowned Tsar of Bulgaria in Sofia